Transformational Leadership Effect on Organizational Performance in Ethiopia’s Public Sector: Systematic Literature Review

The knowledge of constructivism in the style of transformational leadership as it pertains to organizational performance was thoroughly reviewed to produce the current study. It studies the function of transforming leadership and investigates a number of problems that may arise in organizations under such circumstances. A systematic review and subsequent thematic content analysis of the literature, including findings from existing literature and research papers that have been published, is used to establish the theoretical underpinnings. They were thoroughly reviewed, and the best materials that matched them were then carefully picked out and included in order to achieve a conclusion. The outcome highlights the need for managers to use a transformational leadership style to put into practice cutting-edge tactics for employee empowerment so they can navigate the environment of rapid change and perform to their full potential. A conceptual qualitative framework based on PRISMA was constructed and advised for functionalism of personalized transformational leadership style to involve stakeholders in amicably avoiding recalcitrance. Forest Plot and Funnel Plot were used to check the combined effect size and publication bias. This strategy can assist transformational leadership managers in identifying opportunities during this crisis and assisting them in drawing important conclusions about how to address problems and foster a healthy culture. This paradigm can assist a transformational leader in managing stakeholders' expectations and benefit both academics and practitioners by working collaboratively to solve anticipated challenges. Limitations include bias risks such as selective result reporting, inadequate blinding, attrition bias, and selection bias. Research novelty was a fresh idea that might provide new knowledge or add to the body of knowledge currently in existence.


Introduction
The goal of advancing global trade through connectivity and leadership development has hastened economic globalization in recent years (Aman, S., & Umer, M. (2022). This growth has also generated increasing domestic and global market competitiveness, which has further pushed business owners to recruit and retain highly trained workers (Zeb et. al., 2023). Many firms rely on their employees to maintain a competitive advantage in the market (Purwanto et al., 2021). They are therefore directly related to how well they control and employ their transformational leadership (Khan et. al., 2018. A few of the responsibilities that fall under the purview of the transformational leadership style are employee benefits administration and leadership planning (Amoako-Asiedu & Obuobisa-Darko, 2017). A few of the responsibilities that fall under the purview of the transformational leadership style are providing transformative leadership (Belrhiti et. al., 2020). It consists of transformational leadership practices and guidelines designed to boost productivity, employee engagement, and organizational performance Khan et. al., 2018).
Managers can create plans and hire qualified staff while also helping people discover fulfilling jobs with possibilities for career progression through effective transformational leadership (Alade, 2022). The major objective of transformational leadership is to raise employee and organizational performance by investing in HR. To ensure that the right number of people with the necessary skills are available when needed, the transformational leadership style requires undertaking a systematic analysis of transformational leadership requirements (Chukuigwe, 2022).). Determine the number of employees an organization has, their types, how to use their resources, and how to retain and grow their workforce by using transformational leadership techniques (Endedlu, 2022). A company's level of performance might have an impact on its productivity . As a result, productivity is the rate at which work is produced, along with the degree of success and outcome, all of which directly affect profitability and turnover (Karunakaran & Temam, 2022).
This study investigates the potential literature review of the effect of transformational leadership style on organizational performance in a thorough way. Management makes control possible, allowing for the comparison of contractual results with performance standards and, if necessary, the implementation of corrective action. The final component of a transformational leadership style is staffing, which includes determining, acquiring, and allocating additional resources in addition to employing the appropriate number of qualified personnel for a company (Kembo et. al., 2021). Coordinating the operations transformational leadership within an organization, employee commitment also improves (Negeri et. al., 2023).

Statement of the Problem
One of the most critical problems businesses throughout the world are today facing is the acute absence of best-fit leadership . The problem of a lack of leadership can be attributed to a number of factors, including colonial administrative procedures that provided the native populace with greater opportunity to thrive (Kembo et. al., 2021). Some of the problems the designers of transformative leadership identified in older work include the following: High management consistently diverts funds meant for the organization's efficient administration into their own profit (Adula& . The rate of worker turnover is increasing as a result of ineffective leadership in public institutions and a curriculum that is unrelated to economic demands (Karunakaran & Temam, 2022, Gobena & Kant, 2022. One problem affecting commercial businesses is the dearth of transformative leaders as a result of poor management (Kant & Tufa, 2022;Alade, 2022). A company's workforce, which consists of the individuals that enable productivity, must be well-planned in order for transformational leaders to be effective leaders (Amoako-Asiedu & Obuobisa-Darko, 2017; . According to Kembo et. al., (2021), one of the main ways transformative leaders generate profits is through an expensive and time-consuming hiring process. According to , selecting the right employees enables a business to maximize its resources, enhances overall performance, and reduces training and development costs.

Objectives:
• To cover the possible literature review of Transformational leadership on Organizational Performance in a systematic way. • To Meta analyze the possible literature review of transformational leadership on Organizational Performance with PRISMA.

Methodology
To achieve the aforementioned goals, a systematic review of the literature based on bibliographical citations and literature of previously published work has been conducted. The PRISMA technique was used to carry out the search strategy. Relevant bibliographic citations were acquired for this search from works by respected publishers including Sage, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), Springer, and others.

Results
The flow diagram, which is also known as a flowchart or flow chart, is often the first graphic in your systematic review's results section. The reviewers' procedure for locating published data on the subject and how they choose whether they will include it in their review is visually represented in a PRISMA flow diagram . The PRISMA flow diagram's 4 stages I. The flow diagram breaks the task down into 4 stages: II. Choosing the papers to be reviewed III. Reading and evaluating the articles IV. Deciding if the investigations are eligible Researchers conduct the searches they devised in the abstract and citation databases you chose in the first stage (e.g., Google Scholar, Scopus). Keep track of how many results the search produced. The entries you found in other places, such as Google Scholar or the reference lists of pertinent papers, were also added by researchers. Each database provides unique instructions on how to look for relevant keywords and how to combine them for a successful search. This indicates that the search method used by the researchers varied slightly among databases . Archives, Sage Publications, Search EBSCO, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Academia.edu (full text and abstracts). The National Digital Library of India, the American Library, the British Council Library, and Amazon were also searched, in addition to their own online catalogs. A Google Scholar electronic search turned up grey works of literature, including published documents. Moreover, websites, white papers, and newspapers were looked into. The references from relevant articles were used in other searches, which led to a snowball effect. The search and inclusion approach and the PRISMA method are used in the PRISMA diagram to indicate the standards for document inclusion and research shortlisting. The reporting quality of a systematic review is anticipated to improve with the use of checklists like PRISMA, which also significantly increases transparency in the selection of publications for a systematic review. Many publications have published the PRISMA Declaration. In their instructions to writers, several publications that publish research on transformational leadership make reference to PRISMA, and some of them even demand that authors follow it. The PRISMA Group suggested that PRISMA should take the place of QUOROM for journals that have previously endorsed it. Current evaluations of the extent to which the PRISMA Declaration has been incorporated into top transformation leadership journals' instructions to authors. The PRISMA Declaration was mentioned in the directions to writers in a sample of 146 publications that publish systematic reviews.
The PRISMA Statement was mentioned in the directions to writers for 27% of the 146 systematic review journals that made up the sample; it was mentioned more frequently in general and transformation leadership articles (50%) than in specialized transformation leadership articles (25%). These findings demonstrated that, despite considerable progress over time, journals' adoption of PRISMA principles is still insufficient. Finally, 17 articles were used by the researchers for this study.

Meta-analysis: Forest Plot
A forest plot, also known as a blobbogram, is a graphical depiction of the estimated results from several scientific investigations that address the same topic, as well as the overall results. The forest plot below was created by compiling all relevant studies on transformational leadership that cover the same topic, identifying a common statistic among them, and presenting it on a single set of axes. By doing this, you can instantly compare the results of the research and their quality in one place. It signifies that the null result is contained within the 95% confidence interval when the vertical line of the study crosses it. This implies that the study's conclusion represents the null value and that there was no statistically significant difference.

Funnel Plot for Systematic Literature Review
The researchers utilized a funnel plot to check a systematic review for publication bias, systematic heterogeneity, and other biases in reporting. These biases result from either the selective reporting of research findings or the omission of data from unpublished sources.
Source: Meta Essential, 2023 Figure 3. Funnel plot A funnel plot is used to look for systematic heterogeneity, other reporting biases, and publication bias in a systematic review. These biases result from either the selective reporting of research findings or the omission of data from unpublished sources (missing studies) (missing outcomes). A summary effect estimate [1.96 standard error] and a summary effect [estimate + (1.96 standard error)] were shown for each standard error on the vertical axis in the 95% confidence intervals around the summary treatment effect. The Figure 3 funnel plot, for example, was essentially a representation of the research effect's magnitude in relation to its precision. The effect size is often stated as a mean difference or standardized difference for continuous data and as a relative for dichotomous or event-like data. On the plot in figure 3, idealized dispersion due to sample variance should look like a pyramid or an upside-down funnel. Figure 3's funnel plot shows the wide variety of standard errors for the research that were taken into consideration for the log scale. If the standard errors were the same size, the studies would all lay on a horizontal line.

Conclusion
This review examined the trends in studies on the topic over the last four years to ascertain how comments on writing about transformational leadership has changed and is currently developing. The research we've looked at indicates that evaluative commentary is a crucial and typical practise in transformational leadership in today's organisations. It is also clear from this that there are many different aspects of transformational leadership studies, and these are continuously being explored and researched for the greatest good of scholars in the area as well as society at large. Yet, the debate regarding corrective vs. evaluative literature reviews in transformational leadership continues, as shown by the evaluated research and the writing on the topic. Since it focuses on motivating academics to write more effectively, this topic of research in transformational leadership is significant. It is critical to support researchers in becoming better writers and in understanding the need of developing as independent writers in today's society, where research resources are decreasing and the liberal arts are losing patronage.